What Causes Drug Addiction and Alcoholism?
The Downward Spiral
No one wants to be a drug addict
or alcoholic, but this doesn’t
stop people from getting addicted. The most commonly asked question is
simply - how? How could my son, daughter, father, sister, or brother
become a liar, a thief, someone who cannot be trusted? How could this
happen? And why won’t they stop?
The first thing you must understand about addiction is that alcohol
and addictive drugs are basically painkillers. They chemically kill
physical or emotional pain and alter the mind’s perception of
reality. They make people numb. For drugs to be attractive to a person,
there must first be some underlying unhappiness, sense of hopelessness,
or physical pain.
Before we address the questions of cause, here is a little background
information…
What Is A Drug?
In medical terms, a drug is any substance that when taken into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. Drugs can provide temporary relief from unhealthy symptoms and/or permanently supply the body with a necessary substance the body can no longer make. Some drugs produce unwanted side affects. In large enough doses, all drugs are toxic.Some drugs lead to an unhealthy dependency that has both physiological and behavioral roots.
What Is Addiction?
Whether a person is genetically or biochemically predisposed to addiction or alcoholism is a controversy that has been debated for years within the scientific community. One school of thought advocates the “disease concept”, embracing the notion that addiction is an inherited disease, and that the individual is permanently ill at a genetic level, even for those experiencing long periods of sobriety.
How Do Drugs Affect The Mind?
The mind is our most important tool. With our mind, we solve the problems we face in life. Drugs do several things that harm one’s ability to think or to be fully aware of the present surroundings. These effects continue long after the effects of the drug appear to have worn off.
Addictive drugs activate the brain’s
reward systems. The promise of reward is very intense causing the individual
to crave the drug and
to focus their activities around taking the drug.
The ability of addictive drugs to strongly activate brain reward mechanisms
and their ability to chemically alter the normal functioning of these
systems can produce an addiction. Drugs also reduce a person’s
level of consciousness, harming the ability to think or be fully aware
of present surroundings.
Because of the effects of drugs on the mind, a person with a history of drug use isn’t quite tracking with what is going on around him. Although he seems to be witnessing and experiencing the same events as everyone else, his perceptions are always, to some degree, altered by the presence of foreign substances in his body. This can cause the person to make simple mistakes or, in extreme cases, can cause them to manifest all of the symptoms of complete insanity, where the addict is perceiving events that exist for him only; events that are not actually occurring in the real world.
It isn’t that the drug user doesn’t know what’s going on. It is that he perceives something else going on instead of the actual series of events that are happening around him.
The person no longer responds to the drug in the way that person initially responded. So for example, in the case of heroin or morphine, tolerance develops rapidly to the analgesic (painkilling) effects of the drug. While the development of tolerance is not addiction, many drugs that produce tolerance also have addictive potential.
The fact remains that there is scientific research to support all of these concepts. The question of whether addiction is genetic, behavioral or biochemical does not have an absolute answer. The distinguishing feature of the condition commonly referred to as addiction is the ability of the drug to dominate the individual’s behavior, regardless of whether physical dependence is also produced by the drug.
There are a wide variety of treatment methods being used today, administered based on whatever school of thought the treatment provider believes in. With a 16% to 20% recovery rate based on statistical analysis of national averages, the message is clear that we have a lot more to learn if we are to bring the national recovery rate to a more desirable level.
There is another school of thought that has proven to be more accurate. It has to do with the life cycle of addiction. This data is universally applicable to addiction no matter which hypothesis is used to explain the phenomenon of drug dependency.
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